Complex fractures refer to severe bone injuries that involve multiple breaks, bone displacement, or injury to surrounding tissues such as nerves, blood vessels, or organs. These fractures are typically more challenging to treat compared to simple fractures due to the severity of the injury and the potential complications they present.

Characteristics of complex fractures include:

• Multiple Fracture Lines: The bone breaks in more than one place, causing instability and sometimes bone fragments.
• Bone Displacement: The broken ends of the bone may shift from their normal alignment, making it harder for the bone to heal properly.
• Soft Tissue Damage: In addition to the bone injury, there may be damage to the surrounding muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves.
• Joint Involvement: The fracture may extend into or affect the joint surfaces, potentially impacting joint movement and function.

Treatment for complex fractures often involves:

• Surgery: Surgical intervention is frequently required to realign the bones, stabilize them with hardware like pins, plates, or screws, and restore the bone's normal function.
• External Fixation: In some severe cases, external devices like frames or rods might be used to stabilize the bone from the outside.
• Rehabilitation: Physical therapy and rehabilitation are essential to regain strength, mobility, and functionality after the initial treatment.