A herniated disc, also known as a slipped or ruptured disc, is a common spinal condition that occurs when the soft, gel-like center of an intervertebral disc in the spine protrudes through the tougher outer layer. Here's a brief overview:

• Anatomy of the Spine: The spine is made up of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs. These discs act as shock absorbers and provide flexibility to the spine.
• Herniation: When a disc herniates, a portion of the inner, gel-like material (nucleus pulposus) pushes through a tear or weak spot in the disc's outer layer (annulus fibrosus). This can result in pressure on nearby nerves or the spinal cord.
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history review, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. These tests help confirm the presence of a herniated disc and assess its location and impact on nearby structures.

Causes:

Herniated discs can result from various factors, including age-related degeneration, wear and tear, lifting heavy objects improperly, or sudden trauma.

Symptoms:

Symptoms of a herniated disc can vary based on the location and severity of the herniation. Common symptoms include:

• Pain in the affected area of the spine
• Radiating pain, numbness, or tingling along the path of the compressed nerve, often into the arms or legs
• Muscle weakness
• Changes in reflexes
• Difficulty walking or moving